In this conversation, Chase Merrill and Dr. Anthony Chaffee explore the complexities of nutrition science, the historical context of human dietary evolution, and the implications of modern agricultural practices on health. They discuss the carnivore diet as a return to ancestral eating patterns, the impact of diet on athletic performance, and the myths surrounding carbohydrate dependency. The conversation emphasizes the objective nutritional needs of humans and the historical successes of civilizations that thrived on meat-based diets, challenging contemporary dietary norms and beliefs. In this conversation, Dr. Anthony Chaffee discusses the critical role of mitochondria in energy production, the impact of diet on hormonal balance, and how dietary changes can enhance athletic performance. He emphasizes the importance of joint health and longevity, the necessity of proper nutrition, and the resistance of the medical community to change. Dr. Chaffee also highlights the influence of pharmaceutical companies on medical education and the need for a shift towards more effective dietary practices.