Polaritons are bosonic quasi-particles formed when photons strongly couple to a material excitation (such as an exciton or a phonon), creating new mixed light–matter normal modes. This strong coupling leads to level repulsion (avoided crossing) that splits the system into upper and lower polariton branches, giving tunable light propagation inside materials. The result is a powerful platform for energy-efficient devices and quantum technologies, with phenomena like room-temperature polariton superfluidity and potential advances in polariton lasers, solar cells, and LEDs. We’ll trace the physics from early observations to modern 2D perovskite-based polaritonics and discuss how this field—sometimes called polaritonics—could reshape energy, computing, and photonics.

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