Turning Tides: Charles XII will discuss the life and times of King Charles XII of Sweden, as well as his effect on the surrounding areas. The third episode, Tyr in Exile, will cover the period from 1707 to 1714, in which King Charles XII campaigns throughout Russia and Ukraine before ultimately being defeated at the Battle of Poltava.

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Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

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Episode 3 Sources:

1. By Defeating My Enemies: Charles XII of Sweden and the Great Northern War 1682-1721, by Michael Glaeser

2. Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire 1682-1719, by R. Nisbet Bain

3. Charles XII: King of Sweden, by Carl Gustafson Klingspor

4. Peter the Great: Autocrat and Reformer, by Michael W. Simmons

5. A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of Sweden as a Military Superpower, 1611-1721, by Henrik O. Lunde

6. Twelve Against the Gods: The Story of Adventure, by William Bolitho

7. The Swedish History: Interesting Historical Facts About Sweden, by Verity Press

8. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present: Fourth Edition, by R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy

9. The History of Ukraine and Russia: Unfolding the Tangled 2000 Years that Led to Crisis, by Marc Miles Vaughn

10. The History of the Ottoman Empire, by Hajji and Mani Pasha

11. Wikipedia