In this episode, we will discuss a wide variety of landmark clinical trials regarding food and nutrition. Specifically, we will investigate how certain dietary patterns reduce the likelihood of health outcomes like cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes, as well as a detailed discussion of the risk factors associated with these illnesses including the Lipoprotein insulin resistance score or LPIR, blood pressure, inflammation, cholesterol, lipoproteins, and more.

References:

1. Schatzkin A, et al. Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(16):1149-1155.
2. Barnes LL, et al. Trial of the MIND Diet for Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Older Persons. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(7):602-611.
3. Dugani SB, et al. Association of Lipid, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Biomarkers With Age at Onset for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Women. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(4):437-447.
4. Fernández-Friera L, et al. Normal LDL-Cholesterol Levels Are Associated With Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Absence of Risk Factors [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Feb 6;71(5):588-589. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.042]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(24):2979-2991.
5. Estruch R, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(25):e34.
6. Basterra-Gortari FJ, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean Eating Plan on the Need for Glucose-Lowering Medications in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes: A Subgroup Analysis of the PREDIMED Trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(8):1390-1397.
7. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 31;361(27):2681]. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(3):229-241.
8. Currenti W, et al. Comparative Evaluation of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet and a Mediterranean Diet in Overweight/Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 16-Week Intervention Study. Nutrients. 2023;16(1):95. Published 2023 Dec 27.
9. Gardner CD, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):178]. JAMA. 2007;297(9):969-977.
10. Ebbeling CB, et al. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on insulin-resistant dyslipoproteinemia-a randomized controlled feeding trial [published correction appears in Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jan 11;115(1):310.
11. Landry MJ, Ward CP, et al. Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Dec 1;6(12):e2350422.
12. Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, et al. Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study [published correction appears in Diabetes Ther. 2018 Apr;9(2):613-621. doi: 10.1007/s13300-018-0386-4]. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(2):583-612.
13. O'Connor LE, et al. Effects of Total Red Meat Intake on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(1):115-127.
14. Hooper L, et al. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020.
15. Lytrivi M, et al. Impact of saturated compared with unsaturated dietary fat on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell function and glucose tolerance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023.
16. Hall KD, et al. Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake.Cell Metab. 2019.
17. Lustig RH, et al. Isocaloric fructose restriction and metabolic improvement in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016.