In this episode, we explore Angular Limb Deformities (ALDs) in foals—one of the most important developmental challenges faced by breeders, farriers, and equine veterinarians. These early-life limb deviations can influence a horse’s long-term soundness, athletic potential, and overall welfare. This conversation unpacks what ALDs are, how they develop, how to diagnose them, and the full spectrum of modern treatment options.

• What Are Angular Limb Deformities?

• Definitions of valgus and varus deviations
• Commonly affected joints: carpus, fetlock, tarsus
• Why early identification is crucial

• The Anatomy Behind ALDs

• The role of growth plates (physes) in young foals
• How asymmetric growth creates crooked limbs
• Why mild carpal valgus in newborns is often normal—and when it isn’t

• Causes and Risk Factors

We explore both congenital and acquired causes, including:

• Incomplete ossification in premature or dysmature foals
• Trauma to physes and soft tissue support
• Rapid growth rates and mineral imbalances
• Environmental loading factors (footing, trimming)
• Genetic predisposition in certain lines

• Clinical Signs to Look For

• How to assess a foal from the front and rear
• Distinguishing true ALDs from rotational issues
• Subtle signs that deformities are worsening
• Consequences of leaving ALDs untreated

• Diagnostic Tools

• Radiography as the gold standard
• What imaging reveals about deviation severity and growth potential
• When ultrasonography adds value

• Conservative Management Strategies

• How controlled exercise helps (and when it doesn’t)
• Corrective trimming principles for valgus and varus
• Use of extensions, glue-ons, and wedges
• The importance of balanced young-stock nutrition

• Surgical Options for Moderate–Severe ALDs

• Periosteal stripping: When it works and why age matters
• Transphyseal bridging: How implants guide growth correction
• Rare but possible: osteotomy for severe late-stage cases

• Prognosis & Long-Term Outlook

• Which cases resolve on their own
• Age-related windows for effective correction
• Potential long-term issues if treatment is delayed
• Realistic athletic expectations for corrected foals

• Prevention & Early Monitoring

• Managing the pregnant mare’s diet
• Footing, exercise, and early handling
• Weekly limb assessments in the first month
• The importance of vet–farrier collaboration

📚 Key Takeaways

• ALDs are common but highly treatable when identified early.
• Farriery, nutrition, management, and veterinary intervention form a single, coordinated system.
• With early correction, most foals enjoy excellent long-term soundness.

📖 References

This episode draws on established research by Adams & Stashak, O’Grady & Poupard, Ralston, Redding & O’Grady, Santschi et al., and others exploring equine orthopaedic development and ALD correction.

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