The provided text explores how archaic hominin introgression, specifically from Neanderthals and Denisovans, has profoundly reshaped the modern human genome and our understanding of human evolution. It explains that this gene flow was not a single event but a complex series of multiple encounters over thousands of years, resulting in a non-uniform global distribution of archaic DNA. The text details how these inherited archaic genes have provided adaptive advantages in areas like immunity and environmental adaptation (e.g., skin pigmentation, cold survival, high-altitude tolerance) but have also led to maladaptive consequences, such as increased susceptibility to allergies and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, it discusses the subtle, yet significant, impact on cognition and neurological traits, while highlighting the ongoing evolutionary dynamics of purifying and positive selection that have shaped the current landscape of archaic ancestry, leading to a "braided stream" model of human history rather than a simple tree.

Research done with the help of artificial intelligence, and presented by two AI-generated hosts.