Imperial Twilight: How Trade, Tea, and Opium Led to War

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The story of the Opium War is one of history's most consequential yet widely misunderstood conflicts. Professor Stephen Platt joined me to unravel the fascinating web of events that led Britain and China into a collision that would reshape Asia and the global balance of power for centuries to come.
Far from being a simple tale of drug dealers backed by imperial force, Stephen reveals cultural misunderstandings, diplomatic failures, and economic pressures eventually converging with devastating consequences. We talked about the Canton trading system where all Western trade was restricted to a tiny compound "smaller than the footprint of one of the pyramids in Egypt," and how Britain's insatiable appetite for tea created a massive trade imbalance that would eventually be filled by opium.
The conversation takes us through extraordinary attempts at cross-cultural communication, from James Flint (the only Englishman alive who could speak Chinese in 1759) to the disastrous McCartney Embassy where diplomatic relations collapsed over the kowtow ritual. Stephen explained how a panicking British captain effectively made Queen Victoria "the largest holder of opium in the world" by buying merchants' illegal drugs on the government's behalf—a fateful decision that created the legal pretext for war.
Perhaps most surprising is how fiercely contested this war was within Britain itself, with Parliament nearly voting to end the conflict by a margin of just five votes. The Times of London coined the term "Opium War" specifically to shame the government for fighting on behalf of drug dealers.
Join us for this exploration of a pivotal moment when two civilizations, each convinced of their own superiority, failed to understand one another with consequences that continue to echo in our time.

Stephen's book Imperial Twilight concentrates on the causes of the war more than the war itself. And in particular the people at the heart of it all. Utterly brilliant stuff.

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Chapters

1. Introduction to Stephen Platt (00:00:00)

2. The Canton Trading System (00:01:04)

3. The Qing Dynasty and China's Isolation (00:03:28)

4. McCartney's Embassy and the Kowtow (00:07:22)

5. China's Internal Problems (00:17:45)

6. Learning Chinese and Western Missionaries (00:24:57)

7. The Opium Trade Mechanism (00:33:23)

8. Political Changes and Silver Crisis (00:40:10)

9. Lord Napier's Failed Mission (00:46:49)

10. Lin Zexu, Charles Elliot, and Confrontation (00:50:13)

11. The Debate Over War (01:03:13)

12. The War and Treaty of Nanjing (01:08:41)

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