In episode three of Ice and Fire, we hear about a microbial reawakening of microscopic life that was frozen into permafrost, often for thousands of years. These small life forms spring back when permafrost thaws. Though individually tiny, microbial communities -- composed of bacteria, fungi, and archaea -- have substantial impact to Earth, including the greenhouse gases they emit when they metabolize and perform cellular respiration.

topics and purpose: the significance of microbes to the atmosphere and global warming as permafrost thaws

terms defined: microbes and microbial communities

notes: Check out Dr. Romanowicz's website to read more about microbes and their significance to permafrost thaw. Learn more about the Permafrost Pathways Program, part of the Woodwell Climate Research Center, here.