A geopolitical history of the cataclysmic events that shaped the First Vatican Council and the Dogma of Papal Infallibly.
Many bishops were just simply skeptical of anything Pius IX was up to, from Bishop Freppel of Anger, France:
The Council is being held either too soon or too late. Too late, because we are at the end of the pontificate of a tired and discouraged old man who views everything through the misfortunes he has suffered. For him, everything that takes place in the modern world is, and must by necessity be, an 'abomination’. It is too soon, because it is clear that the situation in Europe is not yet settled.
A great many of the minority bishops had packed up and left Rome by this point that Pius and Manning knew there really wasn’t anyone else left to constitute a significant opposition anyway. They had gone home humiliated and dejected.
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