A geopolitical history of the cataclysmic events that shaped the First Vatican Council and the Dogma of Papal Infallibly.
On September 8th, the Italian king’s messenger arrived in Rome to deliver the last plea of Victor Emanuel III. Reading the letter, Pius slammed the document on the table and unleashed his famous temper. He raged at the Italian diplomat, calling his countrymen a set of vipers, whited sepulchers, and wanting in faith. Then he made a strange divination:

I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!
...
The French response to calls for aid was even more severe, with its foreign minister writing:

You know our opinion. . . The temporal power has been a scourge to the world, it is prostrate, we will not resurrect it...
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