The Iliad, attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer, is one of the oldest and most influential works of Western literature, likely composed in the 8th century BCE. Set during the Trojan War, it narrates a few weeks in the conflict’s tenth year, focusing on Achilles’ wrath and its consequences. Though rooted in oral storytelling traditions, the Iliad was likely written down after centuries of recitation by bards, drawing on myths and historical memories of Bronze Age conflicts (c. 1200 BCE). Its companion, the Odyssey, completes Homer’s epic cycle. Preserved through manuscripts and revered in ancient Greece, the Iliad shaped literature, philosophy, and art, with its themes of honor, mortality, and divine intervention resonating through the ages. Its text was standardized in the Hellenistic period, and translations, from ancient Greek to modern languages, continue to captivate readers worldwide.

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