Dr. Paul Carrese returns to Civics in a Year for a profound conversation about what modern Americans can learn from the debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists during the Constitution's ratification. This eye-opening discussion reveals how America's core identity has always been defined not by ethnic or religious homogeneity, but by a commitment to principled debate among free people who disagree yet remain united in a shared national project.
The great paradox of American democracy, as Dr. Carrese explains, is that our unity emerges precisely from our diversity of thought. The Constitution itself was born from intense debate, with the Federalists growing intellectually stronger as they responded to Anti-Federalist critiques. This productive tension ultimately produced the Bill of Rights—a testament to how constitutional humility and the willingness to revise are fundamental American virtues.
What makes this historical example so relevant today is the "spirit of amity" that George Washington emphasized—a concept of civic friendship transcending partisan division without abandoning principles. In our polarized era, the warnings from Lincoln's 1838 Lyceum Address about national "suicide" through internal division feel eerily prophetic. As Dr. Carrese powerfully argues, when Americans engage in vicious partisanship rather than reasonable disagreement, we damage our civic culture and play into the hands of foreign adversaries seeking to exploit our divisions.
The civic virtues of civil disagreement don't come naturally—they require cultivation and practice. Drawing on founding documents, the Lincoln-Douglas debates, and other historical touchstones, Dr. Carrese offers a compelling case that preserving our republic requires us to "up our game" and find what Lincoln called "the better angels of our nature." Join us for this timely reminder that democracy depends not on eliminating disagreement but transforming how we disagree.

Check Out the Civic Literacy Curriculum!

School of Civic and Economic Thought and Leadership

Center for American Civics