Having laid out why independent agencies exist, Gwen and Marc turn to the harder question: what happens when a president decides he wants someone gone? This episode unpacks the constitutional and political fault lines around the president’s removal power — and why the ability to “fire the referee” is one of the most dangerous pressures in modern governance.

The episode opens on the youth soccer field, where a bad call might enrage parents but doesn’t justify firing the ref mid-game. Gwen uses that intuitive norm to pivot into the most infamous political version of the same problem: the Saturday Night Massacre, when Nixon tried to purge the special prosecutor investigating him. The result wasn’t just chaos at DOJ — it was a national lesson in why removing investigators for doing their jobs destroys public trust.

From there, Gwen and Marc trace the constitutional silence on removal, the founders’ disagreements, and the early battles in Myers and Humphrey’s Executor. They walk through the real-world consequences of presidential pressure — from FDR’s failed attempt to oust an FTC commissioner, to Nixon’s behind-the-scenes arm-twisting of the Fed, to the market panic triggered by rumors that President Trump might fire Chair Powell. Each example shows how fragile independence becomes when removal power turns into a political weapon.

The episode closes by setting the stage for Trump v. Slaughter, the most significant removal case since the 1930s. For the first time in nearly a century, the Court will confront whether multi-member commissions — the backbone of the modern regulatory state — can still be insulated from presidential will. The stakes reach every corner of federal regulation: finance, monetary policy, labor, consumer protection, energy, and more.

Key Concepts: Removal Power | For-Cause Protections | Malfeasance / Neglect / Inefficiency | Myers | Humphrey’s Executor | Morrison v. Olson | Seila Law | Unitary Executive Theory

Examples: Saturday Night Massacre | Nixon & the Fed | FDR vs. Humphrey | Trump–Powell conflict | CFPB | FHFA

Takeaway: A government can’t function if every tough call costs someone their job. Removal protections aren’t technicalities — they are the guardrails that keep expert judgment from collapsing under political pressure.