Welcome to Episode 2 of From Bench to Bedside where we explore the history of disease and scientific advancements leading to treatments. In this episode host Dr. Melanie Matheu (PhD) provides an introduction to the history Diabetes Mellitus, the critical advances that led us to the treatments of today, and what is next.
Corrections:

• GLUT4 is a glucose transporter (it was called a receptor).
• Tidepool’s app for monitoring glucose was cleared by the FDA earlier this year (2023).

Biotech Companies, Resources, and Start-ups of Interest

• JDRF (https://www.jdrf.org/)
• Bigfoot Biomedical (https://www.bigfootbiomedical.com/)
• Tidepool (https://www.tidepool.org/)
• Vertex (Bought out Viacyte: working towards curative solutions)
• OpenInsulin.org
• PDB: Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org/)

References:

1. International Diabetes Federation https://diabetesatlas.org/
2. Quantifying the underestimation of projected global diabetes prevalence by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas Tonnies, T et al. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 2021 https://drc.bmj.com/content/9/1/e002122
3. Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributorsKaramanou, M et al. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4707300/
4. Aretaeus of Cappadocia (2nd century AD) and the earliest neurological descriptions https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19291658/
5. A history of diabetes mellitus or how a disease of the kidneys evolved into a kidney disease Eknoyan, G., Nagy J. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15822058/
6. Making, Cloning, and the Expression of Human Insulin Genes in Bacteria: The Path to Humulin Arthur D Riggs https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8152450/
7. The History of a Wonderful Thing We Call Insulin https://diabetes.org/blog/history-wonderful-thing-we-call-insulin#
8. Regulation of glucose transport by insulin: traffic control of GLUT4. Leto, D & Saltiel, A. R. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrm3351
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin
10. 
    
11. Harmonization of immunoassays for biomarkers in diabetes mellitus, Hörber. S https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331307322_Harmonization_of_immunoassays_for_biomarkers_in_diabetes_mellitus
12. Evolution of Insulin Delivery Devices: From Syringes, Pens, and Pumps to DIY Artificial Pancreas, Kesavadev, J. et al. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7261311/
13. JDRF: NICE program https://jdrf.org.uk/knowledge-support/managing-type-1-diabetes/guide-to-type-1-diabetes-technology/insulin-pumps/can-i-get-an-insulin-pump-on-the-nhs/
14. Integration of Islet/Beta-Cell Transplants with Host Tissue Using Biomaterial Platform, Clough, D.W. et al. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8253249/