Minimum Competence is your daily companion for legal news, designed to bring you up to speed on the day’s major legal stories during your commute home. Each episode is short, clear, and informative—just enough to make you minimally competent on the key developments in law, policy, and regulation. Whether you’re a lawyer, law student, journalist, or just legal-curious, you’ll get a smart summary without the fluff. A full transcript of each episode is available via the companion newsletter at ...
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Andrew And Gina Leahey Podcasts

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Legal News for Weds 9/24 - Ed Martin Patent Probe, Court Blocks Trump Ideological Grant Conditions, Surge in Law School Enrollment
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7:14This Day in Legal History: Judiciary Act of 1789 On September 24, 1789, Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, formally titled An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States. This foundational statute created the structure of the federal judiciary as we know it today, establishing a three-tiered court system consisting of district…
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Legal News for Tues 9/23 - TikTok Divestment Deal Deets, US Law Firms Pull from Beijing, New Lawsuit Against Zillow and Sensible Sales Tax by Use
7:42
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7:42This Day in Legal History: Little Rock Nine On September 23, 1957, nine African American students, later known as the Little Rock Nine, were barred from entering Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, despite a federal court order mandating desegregation. This confrontation became a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement and a key test …
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Legal News for Mon 9/22 - Trump Makes Personal Attorney USA, Google Antitrust Trial, Fight Over Mangione Death Penalty and Offshore Wind Court Battle
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7:14This Day in Legal History: Eight Executed for Witchcraft in Massachusetts On September 22, 1692, eight individuals—six women and two men—were executed for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts, marking the final hangings of the infamous Salem Witch Trials. Among the condemned were Martha Corey, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilm…
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Legal News for Fri 9/19 - NIOSH Gutted, Trump Economic Agenda in SCOTUS Hands, ICE Terrorizes DC and Senate Confirms USPTO Head
31:20
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31:20This Day in Legal History: Lord Haw-Haw Sentenced On September 19, 1945, William Joyce—infamously known as “Lord Haw-Haw”—was sentenced to death by a British court for high treason. Joyce had gained notoriety during World War II for broadcasting Nazi propaganda over German radio to British audiences, aiming to demoralize Allied troops and civilians…
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Legal News for Thurs 9/18 - Disney and Amazon Lawsuits, $1.7B GloriFi Claim, Khalil Fights Deportation and Court Blocks HHS Cuts
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7:37This Day in Legal History: Fugitive Slave Act On September 18, 1850, President Millard Fillmore signed the Fugitive Slave Act into law, intensifying the national divide over slavery. As part of the Compromise of 1850, the law mandated that all escaped enslaved individuals, upon capture, be returned to their enslavers and that officials and citizens…
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Legal News for Weds 9/17 - KPMG Audits Fall Short, Tesla Crash Settlement, State Terrorism Charges Dropped in Mangione Case and Law Firms Suing Trump Despite Deals
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7:45This Day in Legal History: Treaty of Fort Pitt On September 17, 1778, the Treaty of Fort Pitt—also known as the Treaty of Fort Pitt or the Delaware Treaty—was signed between the newly independent United States and the Lenape (Delaware) Nation. It was the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe, signaling an allianc…
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Legal News for Tues 9/15 - Maurene Comey's Fight, Musk Settles X Trademark Dispute, Google Lawyers Want $85m in Fees and Norway's Wealth Tax Referendum
7:21
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7:21This Day in Legal History: Final Draft of the US Constitution Engrossed On September 16, 1787, the final draft of the United States Constitution was signed by the Constitutional Convention delegates in Philadelphia. Although the official signing date was September 17, the 16th was the day the finished document was ordered to be engrossed — meaning …
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Legal News for Mon 9/15 - Big Law Firing over Kirk Criticism, Deportation Block for Minors, Mass Federal Firings Ruled Illegal and UC Berkeley Hands Over Details on Scores
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6:41This Day in Legal History: Nuremberg Laws Enacted On this day in legal history, September 15, 1935, Nazi Germany enacted the Nuremberg Laws, codifying one of the most infamous legal frameworks of racial discrimination and hate in modern history. Announced at the annual Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg, these laws included the Law for the Protection of…
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Legal News for Fri 9/12 - Senate Rule Changes, Block on Trump's Head Start Gutting, DOJ Lawsuit against Uber
11:20
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11:20This Day in Legal History: SCOTUS Rejects Challenge to Brown On September 12, 1958, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision in Cooper v. Aaron, firmly rejecting a challenge by the State of Arkansas to the enforcement of Brown v. Board of Education. In the wake of Brown, which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional…
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Legal News for Thurs 9/11 - Trump Golf Course Assassin Trial Begins, Lawsuit Over Federal Firings, Ongoing Fed Removal Fight and Ruling on NJ Gun Laws
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7:36This Day in Legal History: Certiorari Granted in Windsor On September 11, 2012, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a petition for certiorari in United States v. Windsor, setting the stage for one of the most consequential civil rights decisions of the decade. The case challenged Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defined marri…
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Legal News for Weds 9/10 - Fed Independence Safe (For Now), Trump's Tariffs in Place (For Now), CA Social Media Law and Blocked DOJ Subpoena Harassing Trans Youth
7:44
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7:44This Day in Legal History: Sewing Machine Patent On this day in legal history, September 10, 1846, Elias Howe was granted U.S. Patent No. 3640 for his invention of the lockstitch sewing machine. Though not the first to envision mechanical sewing, Howe’s design was the first to successfully automate stitching in a way that was both efficient and com…
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Legal News for Tues 9/9 - Trump Carroll Verdict Upheld, SCOTUS Rubber Stamps Immigration Raids, FL Judicial Pick, TaxProf Blog RIP and Taylor Swift Tax
10:50
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10:50This Day in Legal History: A. Lincoln Admitted to Bar On September 9, 1836, Abraham Lincoln was licensed to practice law by the Illinois Supreme Court, setting in motion a legal and political career that would ultimately reshape American history. At the time, Lincoln was a 27-year-old former store clerk and self-taught frontier intellectual, with n…
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Legal News for Mon 9/8 - Mangione Claims Jury Bias, Abrego Deportation to Eswatini, FTC Noncompete Rule Dropped and Trump Plans Backup Tariff Plans
7:12
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7:12This Day in Legal History: Ford Grants Nixon Pardon On September 8, 1974, President Gerald R. Ford granted a full and unconditional pardon to former President Richard M. Nixon for any crimes he may have committed while in office, specifically those related to the Watergate scandal. The announcement came just one month after Nixon resigned in disgra…
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Legal News for Fri 9/5 - ACB Denies Constitutional Crisis, DOJ DC Hypocrisy, Trump's Troop Use Unpaused, and Google's $425m Privacy Verdict
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14:09This Day in Legal History: First Continental Congress On September 5, 1774, the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia, marking a critical early step toward American independence. Delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies—Georgia being the sole exception—gathered at Carpenters’ Hall to coordinate a colonial response to the "Intole…
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Legal News for Thurs 9/4 - Trump Tariffs to SCOTUS, Harvard $2.2b Grant Reinstatement, Newsmax vs. Fox
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6:29This Day in Legal History: Little Rock Nine On September 4, 1957, a constitutional crisis unfolded in Little Rock, Arkansas, when Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to block nine Black students—known as the “Little Rock Nine”—from entering Central High School. This came after the U.S. Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Brow…
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Legal News for Weds 9/3 - Trump Appeals Tariff Strike-down, Google Spared Antitrust Worsts, Alien Enemies Act Blocked, Machine Guns Stay Banned, and he CTC Gap
10:10
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10:10This Day in Legal History: Frederick Douglass Escapes Slavery On this day in legal history, September 3, 1838, Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery, setting in motion a life that would fundamentally reshape American legal and political thought. Disguised as a free Black sailor, Douglass boarded a train in Baltimore and made his way north to free…
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Legal News for Tues 9/2 - ChatGPT Beats Legal AI Tech, Congress Battles over IRS Budget, Judge Blocks Deportation and Court Rules Against Trump Tariffs
8:05
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8:05This Day in Legal History: George Wallace Calls out the Alabama National Guard On September 2, 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace once again attempted to defy federal court orders mandating school integration, this time at Tuskegee High School. Just months after his infamous “Stand in the Schoolhouse Door” to block Black students from enrolling …
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Legal News for Fri 8/29 - Lisa Cook Sues, Bar Exam Score Surge, Rising Law Firm Rates and UPenn Prof Suit Dismissed
22:16
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22:16This Day in Legal History: John Locke Born On August 29, 1632, John Locke was born in Wrington, England. A foundational figure in political philosophy, Locke’s ideas on government, natural rights, and property would come to shape the ideological core of liberal democracies. His “Two Treatises of Government” advanced the notion that legitimate gover…
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Legal News for Thurs 8/28 - Delayed Episode (with apologies)
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6:51This Day in Legal History: Alabama Ten commandments Monument On August 28, 2003, the Supreme Court of Alabama removed a 5,280-pound granite monument of the Ten Commandments from the rotunda of the state courthouse in Montgomery. The monument had been installed two years earlier by Chief Justice Roy Moore, who argued it reflected the moral foundatio…
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Legal News for Weds 8/27 - Lisa Cook Retains Lawyer, Trump Fights to Halt Foreign Aid, Anthropic Settles Copyright Case and OpenAI Sued over Suicide
6:59
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6:59This Day in Legal History: Constitutional Convention–Article III On August 27, 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia turned their attention to the judiciary. Debates centered on what would become Article III, particularly the scope of judicial power. The Convention approved language stating that federal judicial power…
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Legal News for Tues 8/26 - More Trump Power Grabs, Medicaid Funding Fight in Maine, Judicial Cybersecurity and Utah Town Faces 225% Property Tax Hike
8:30
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8:30This Day in Legal History: Nineteenth Amendment Certified On this day in legal history, August 26, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was formally certified by Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby, granting women the right to vote nationwide. The certification marked the culmination of a nearly century-long struggle led by suffr…
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Legal News for Mon 8/25 - Intel Deal With Trump, Re-arrest of Kilmar Abrego, Sanctuary Cities Win in Court and a Patent Fight over Apple Watch
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7:48This Day in Legal History: Organic Act Establishes the National Park Service On August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Organic Act, formally establishing the National Park Service (NPS) as a federal bureau within the Department of the Interior. This act marked a foundational moment in U.S. environmental and administrative law, as it c…
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Legal News for Fri 8/22 - Alligator Alcatraz Halted, Redistricting Wars in CA and TX, Alina Habba Blocked
14:10
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14:10This Day in Legal History: Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act On August 22, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act into law, reshaping the American welfare system in ways that continue to spark debate. Billed as a way to "end welfare as we know it," the la…
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Legal News for Thurs 8/21 - DOJ Gender Care Probe of CHOP, Epic v. Apple Legal Privilege Fight, TPS Ruling, Musk Lottery Lawsuit and R&D Tax Breaks in Policy Context
9:49
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9:49This Day in Legal History: ABA Formed On August 21, 1878, 75 lawyers convened in Saratoga Springs, New York, and formally established the American Bar Association (ABA). Their shared aim was to advance the “science of jurisprudence,” promote uniform legislation, strengthen justice administration, uphold the profession’s honor, and encourage collegi…
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Legal News for Weds 8/20 - CA Redistricting Fight, Musk NLRB Win, NV Business Court, and Test of Musk's Advice of Counsel Defense
8:06
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8:06This Day in Legal History: Economic Opportunity Act On August 20, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act into law, marking a major legal milestone in the federal government’s efforts to address systemic poverty. The Act authorized $1 billion to fund a wide range of social programs aimed at improving education, employm…
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Legal News for Tues 8/19 - FBI Arrests for the Gram, New FBI Co-Leadership, ABA Curriculum Changes, SEC Whistleblower Claims, and Louisiana Tax Rebate Fiasco
9:20
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9:20This Day in Legal History: Salem Witchcraft Executions On August 19, 1692, five individuals—George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacobs Sr., John Willard, and Martha Carrier—were executed by hanging in Salem, Massachusetts, after being convicted of witchcraft. These executions occurred during the height of the infamous Salem witch trials, a dark …
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Legal News for Mon 8/18 - SCOTUS Ed. Dept. Showdown, Jackson Hole Up in the Air, Wegovy for Liver Disease and Norton Rose's Tech Disaster
7:22
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7:22This Day in Legal History: Nineteenth Amendment Ratified On August 18, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, guaranteeing women the right to vote and marking a major legal milestone in the struggle for gender equality. The amendment states simply: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denie…
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Legal News for Fri 8/15 - Russian Hackers Breach Federal Courts, Trial Over Trump Troop Deployment on US Streets, Legal Jobs Up Broadly, SCOTUS Declines to Pause Social Media Age Checks
15:08
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15:08This Day in Legal History: Starve or Sell On August 15, 1876, the United States Congress passed a coercive measure aimed at forcing the Sioux Nation to relinquish their sacred lands in the Black Hills of present-day South Dakota. Known informally as the "starve or sell" bill, the legislation declared that no further federal appropriations would be …
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Legal News for Thurs 8/14 - Alex Jones' Infowars Receivership, Trump's Aid Freeze and Pro-Antitrust Moves, Rumble Lawsuit Dismissal, and a Ruling on Birth Control Coverage
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8:09This Day in Legal History: Social Security Act On August 14, 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act into law, establishing the foundation of the modern American welfare state. The legislation was a centerpiece of Roosevelt’s New Deal and aimed to address the widespread economic insecurity caused by the Great Depression…
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Legal News for Weds 8/13 - ABA Cowardice, AT&T Settlement, UCLA Regains Frozen Funds and Court Upholds Arkansas Trans Youth Care Ban
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6:51This Day in Legal History: East German Border Sealed On August 13, 1961, the East German government abruptly sealed the border between East and West Berlin, cutting off one of the last open crossings between the Eastern Bloc and the West. Overnight, streets were blocked, barbed wire unrolled, and armed guards posted, turning neighbors into stranger…
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Legal News for Tues 8/12 - SCOTUSblog Goldstein Update, ABA and Trump, $1b Law Firm Merger, CBO Uninsured Forecast Under OBBBA, and DC $4.4b Stadium
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8:51This Day in Legal History: Japanese PM Convicted of Accepting Bribes On August 12, 1983, former Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei was convicted of accepting bribes from the American defense contractor Lockheed Corporation in one of Japan’s most notorious political scandals. Tanaka, who served as prime minister from 1972 to 1974, was found guilt…
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Legal News for Mon 8/11 - New FERC Head, Landmark National Guard Trial in CA, Law Firm Q2 Gains, and EPA Ending Union Contract
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6:29This Day in Legal History: First SCOTUS Decision On August 11, 1792, the United States Supreme Court issued its first reported decision in Georgia v. Brailsford. The case arose from the complex aftermath of the Revolutionary War, when questions about debts owed to British creditors came before the new federal judiciary. The State of Georgia had ena…
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Legal News for Fri 8/8 - Trump Birthright EO Injunction, SCOTUS Raid Bid, Milbank Summer Bonus, Fed Swipe Fee Rule, and Apple Sued Over Apple Pay
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48:56This Day in Legal History: Expansion of US House of Representatives On August 8, 1911, President William Howard Taft signed into law a measure that permanently expanded the size of the U.S. House of Representatives from 391 to 433 members. This change followed the 1910 census, which revealed significant population growth and shifts in where America…
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Legal News for Thurs 8/7 - SEC Gag Rule Endures, Stanford Student Paper Free Speech Suit, Revived Drug Discounts and a Class Action Against Pepsi
7:20
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7:20This Day in Legal History: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution On August 7, 1964, the U.S. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, dramatically reshaping the legal landscape of American military engagement. Prompted by reports—later disputed—of North Vietnamese attacks on the USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin, the resolution granted President Lyndon B.…
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Legal News for Weds 8/6 - Maxwell Fights Grand Jury File Release, Judge Blocks BRIC Cuts, Tesla Robotaxi Suit and RFK Jr. Guts Vaccine Projects
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8:14This Day in Legal History: Voting Rights Act On August 6, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law, marking a pivotal moment in American legal and civil rights history. The legislation aimed to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment by prohibiting racial discrimination in voting, especially in the southern states where such …
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Legal News for Tues 8/5 - Duane Morris Income Partner Pay Suit, DOJ Grand Jury on Obama-era Intel, Nunes Loses, Judicial AI Errors and FLOSS Nonprofits
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7:33This Day in Legal History: Reagan Fires Air Traffic Controllers On August 5, 1981, President Ronald Reagan followed through on a warning to striking air traffic controllers by initiating the dismissal of over 11,000 of them. The controllers, members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), had walked off the job on August 3…
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Legal News for Fri 8/1 - Threats Against Judges, US Funding Deportations from Costa Rica, and an Appeals Court Weighs in on Trump's "Emergency" Tariff Powers
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21:04This Day in Legal History: Switzerland’s Federal Charter On August 1, 1291, the seeds of what would become modern Switzerland were planted with the signing of the Federal Charter, or Bundesbrief, by the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. This wasn’t the dramatic formation of a nation-state as we think of it today—it was three rural Alpine com…
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Legal News for Thurs 7/31 - Trump Pumps Crypto, Public Defender Funding Cuts, Uber Liability Question and Eric Tung's Sexist Comments
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7:07This Day in Legal History: Patent Office Opened On this day in legal history, July 31, 1790, the United States issued its first patent under the newly created Patent Act of 1790. The inaugural patent was granted to Samuel Hopkins of Vermont for a process of making potash, an essential industrial chemical used in soap and fertilizer production. Sign…
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Legal News for Weds 7/30 - Bove Confirmed, Trump Crypto Policy Report Incoming, Epstein Transcript Requests and $42m Talc Verdict Against J&J
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7:05This Day in Legal History: Medicare and Medicaid Signed into Being On July 30, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Social Security Amendments of 1965 into law, creating the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The signing took place at the Truman Library in Independence, Missouri, with former President Harry S. Truman—an early advocate for nati…
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Legal News for Tues 7/29 - Maxwell SCOTUS Appeal, Trump Lawsuit Against WSJ, Judge Boasberg Attacks, Judge Newman Suspended, and State Tax Policy Post-OBBBA
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8:37This Day in Legal History: Eisenhower Signs Act Creating NASA On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, officially creating NASA. The legislation emerged in response to growing Cold War tensions and the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik the previous year. It marked a pivotal shift in U.S…
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Legal News for Mon 7/28 - A&0 Shearman Delays Starts, Section 230 Shields Social Media, Trump's Birthright Order Blocked and CA Retreats from $15 Broadband Bill
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7:26This Day in Legal History: Fourteenth Amendment Ratified On July 28, 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was officially adopted, reshaping the legal and constitutional landscape of the nation. Ratified in the wake of the Civil War, it was one of the Reconstruction Amendments designed to integrate formerly enslaved peopl…
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Legal News for Fri 7/25 - Ghislaine Wants SCOTUS Help, NIH Grant Cuts and a Proxy Advisor Lawsuit in TX
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15:21This Day in Legal History: National Security Act of 1947 On this day in legal history, July 25, 1947, Congress passed the National Security Act of 1947, fundamentally reshaping the American national security infrastructure in the wake of World War II. The legislation created a unified framework to coordinate defense and intelligence operations, aim…
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Legal News for Thurs 7/24 - SCOTUS Backs Trump on Indie Agency Removals, Fed Judge Retracts Flawed Pharma Ruling, Columbia Yields to Trump and Macrons Sue Candace Owens
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7:56This Day in Legal History: Apollo 11 On July 24, 1969, the Apollo 11 mission concluded when astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins safely splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, returning from the first successful lunar landing. While the event was widely celebrated as a scientific and political triumph, it also raised an unexpecte…
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Legal News for Weds 7/23 - Trump NCUA Firings Illegal, Big Cocoa vs. Child Labor Suits, NJ Detention Ban, 32 Year Old Mail Fraud Case and Data Centers as Modern Pyramids
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8:03This Day in Legal History: Grant Dies On July 23, 1885, Ulysses S. Grant—former president and Union general—died of throat cancer at age 63. While honored as a national hero, Grant spent his final years in financial ruin due to a high-profile fraud scandal. He had invested heavily in a Wall Street brokerage firm, Grant & Ward, run in part by his so…
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Legal News for Tues 7/22 - Trump WSJ Suit has Procedural Issues, DOJ Appeal in Jenner & Block Case, Breonna Taylor Case Sentencing, and Church Political Speech
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7:22This Day in Legal History: Jane Matilda Bolin Appointed to Bench On this day in 1939, Jane Matilda Bolin shattered a historic barrier when she was appointed by New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia as a judge of the city's Domestic Relations Court. With that appointment, Bolin became the first Black woman to serve as a judge in the United States. …
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Legal News for Mon 7/21 - Harvard Sues Trump Over Retaliatory Research Fund Pause, Court Blocks ICC-Related Sanctions, and Myth of the Millionaire Tax Flight
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6:30This Day in Legal History: Liberation of Guam On July 21, 1944, U.S. forces began the liberation of Guam, a pivotal campaign in the Pacific Theater during World War II. The island, a U.S. territory since 1898, had been under Japanese occupation since December 1941. The American recapture of Guam not only had military significance but also triggered…
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Legal News for Fri 7/18 - Trump's Unconstitutional Birthright Citizenship Order Under Fire, Epstein Grand Jury Records Forthcoming and Union Rights for Federal Workers
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14:29This Day in Legal History: Narcotic Control Act On July 18, 1956, the Narcotic Control Act was signed into law, marking a significant escalation in the United States' punitive approach to drug policy. The act built upon earlier federal narcotics legislation but went much further in increasing criminal penalties and tightening government control ove…
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Legal News for Thurs 7/17 - TPS for Venezuelans, Maurene Comey Fired from DOJ, FEMA Grant Cuts Challenged in Court and More US Citizens Jailed in Immigration Raids
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7:37This Day in Legal History: Second Confiscation Act On July 17, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Second Confiscation Act into law, dramatically expanding federal wartime powers during the Civil War. Building on a more limited first version passed in 1861, the new act authorized the seizure of property—particularly land and slaves—from indi…
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Legal News for Weds 7/16 - $8b Meta Trial, Abrego's Immigration Case, Milbank Defends NJ Cities in Immigration Cases and Tax Policy as Liberal Arts
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7:37This Day in Legal History: Residence Act On July 16, 1790, the U.S. Congress passed the Residence Act, establishing the District of Columbia as the permanent seat of the federal government. The decision was the product of a political compromise between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, brokered in part by James Madison, whereby southern stat…
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Legal News for Tues 7/15 - SCOTUS Gives DOE Gutting the Go-Ahead, Germany US Drone Strike Liability Ruling, Afghan TPS Relief and Why Fixing Section 174 is a Reset not a Victory
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8:46This Day in Legal History: “A Friend of the Constitution” On July 15, 1819, Chief Justice John Marshall took the unusual step of anonymously defending one of the most consequential Supreme Court decisions in American history—McCulloch v. Maryland. Writing under the pseudonym A Friend of the Constitution, Marshall authored a series of essays publish…
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